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Growth and Yield Response of Field-Grown Tropical Rice to Increasing Carbon Dioxide and Air Temperature

USDA-ARS, Climate Stress Lab., Bldg. 046A, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705;

Offie Namuco, Toti Moya and Jimmy Quilang

Int. Rice Res. Inst. (IRRI), P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines

^* Corresponding author (Email: lzisica@asrr.arsusda.gov)

Although the response of rice (Oryza saliva L.) to increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration and air temperature has been examined at the greenhouse or growth chamber level, no field studies have been conducted under the tropical, irrigated conditions where the bulk of the world's rice is grown. At the International Rice Research Institute, rice (cv. IR 72) was grown from germination until maturity for the 1994 wet and 1995 dry seasons at three different CO₂ concentrations (ambient, ambient + 200, and ambient + 300 µL L^–1 CO₂) and two different air temperatures (ambient and ambient + 4°C) using open-top field chambers. Averaged for both seasons, increases in CO₂ concentration alone ( + 200, +300 |iL L~') resulted in a significant increase in total plant biomass (+ 31%, + 40%) and crop yield (+ 15%, + 27%) compared with the ambient control. The increase in crop yield was associated with an increase in the number of panicles per square meter and a greater percentage of filled spikelets. Simultaneous increases in CO₂ and air temperature did not alter the biomass at maturity (relative to elevated CO₂ alone), but plant development was accelerated at the higher growth temperature regardless of CO₂. concentration. Grain yield, however, became insensitive to CO₂ concentration at the higher growth temperature. Increasing both CO₂ and air temperature also reduced grain quality (e.g., protein content). The combination of CO₂ and temperature effects suggests that, in warmer regions (i.e., >34°C) where rice is grown, quantitative and qualitative changes in rice supply are possible if both CO₂ and air temperature continue to increase.

Received for publication September 15, 1995.

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