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Nitrogen Utilization of Selected Cropping Systems in the U.S. Northeast: II. Soil Profile Nitrate Distribution and Accumulation

Dep. of Plant Science, U-67, Univ. of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd., Storrs, CT 06269-4067

^* Corresponding author.

High rates of N fertilizers and limited crop uptake of N during the growing season can result in excessive accumulation of soil nitrate (NO^–₃). Soil NO^–₃ can be decreased with efficient cropping systems. Experiments were conducted in Connecticut from 1987 through 1990 on a Paxton fine sandy loam soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, mcsic Typic Dystrochrept) to determine the effects of N rate and cropping system on soil NO^–₃. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), a double-crop system of oat (Avena saliva L.) followed by tyfon [Brassica rapa L. x B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.], maize (Zea mays L.) followed by a cover crop of winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and a fallow system received preplant N at 0, 112, 224, 336, and 448 kg ha^–1. Each system was evaluated for two consecutive growing seasons and repeated three times. Nitrogen was applied only in the first growing season. Soil NO^–₃ at the first autumn sampling generally increased for all systems as N rate increased. Mean spring soil NO^–₃ levels were only 23% of previous autumn NO^–₃ levels. By the second autumn sampling, soil NO^–₃ values were near background levels except in the fertilized fallow system. At the two highest N rates, oat-tyfon produced the smallest overwinter change in soil NO^–₃ storage. An oat-tyfon double crop, orchardgrass, or red clover system should decrease soil NOJ more effectively than maize or a noncropped fallow when soil NO^–₃ accumulations are greater than those produced from N inputs equivalent to 224 kg ha^–1.

Received for publication March 8, 1994.

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