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Temperature and Photoperiod Interactions with the Phenological Development of Sunflower

Queensland Dep. of Primary Industries, Hermitage Res. Stn., Warwick, Queensland 4370 Australia
Dep. of Agronomy, Box 5051, State Univ. Stn., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58505-5051

^* Corresponding author.

The synchronization of anthesis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) genotypes to be crossed is important for seed production. Little information is available concerning the interaction of temperature with photoperiod on the phenological development of sunflower. Research was conducted in growth chambers to determine the influence of variations in temperature, photoperiod, and light quantity on the phenological development of 16 sunflower genotypes. The sunflower genotypes were subjected to light treatments of: (i) 12-h fluorescent and incandescent light, (ii) 14-h fluorescent and incandescent light, and (iii) 12-h fluorescent and incandescent light followed by 2-h exposure to incandescent lights only. The fluorescent-incandescent light combination provided a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of about 430 µmol m^–2 s^–1 in the chambers, whereas that for the incandescent lights alone was 5 µmol m^–2 s^–1. All light treatments were imposed under day/night temperature regimes of 18/15 and 28/22°C. The light x temperature x genotype interaction was not significant. Light x genotype and temperature x genotype interactions were highly significant for number of days from emergence (VE) to bud visible (R1) and number of leaves at R1. Other significant interactions were temperature x genotype for number of leaves and plant height at R1, and light x genotype for plant height. Some of the genotypes exhibited substantial delay in reaching R1 under the 12-h light treatment, confirming prior observations in greenhouse plantings. Differences in light energy levels had little influence on genotype photoperiodic behavior.

Received for publication September 11, 1987.