Fig. 7. The spike-tooth harrow was commonly used to control weeds in summer fallow before the advent of the rotating rodweeder (see Fig. 10). Most early farmers thought it was necessary to pulverize the surface soil to maintain soil water during summer fallow. Those who pulverized the surface soil were considered good farmers. The combination of primary spring tillage with a moldboard plow followed by repeated harrowing operations to create a soil surface devoid of residue, clods, and roughness led to massive and recurrent wind erosion. Photo from Adams County Historical Society (1986b).